Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014 – International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE)

A2141034114

IJSCE Journal — Mon, 18 Oct 2021 05:42:34 +0000

The International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) has ISSN: 2231-2307 (online), an open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical bi-monthly international journal. This journal is published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) in January, March, May, July, September and November.The journal aims to publish high-quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Soft Computing and Engineering that covers Data Communication and Networking, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networking, Image Processing and Recognition, Software Engineering and Project Management (SEPM), Computer Graphics and Multimedia (CGM), Data Mining, Cryptography and Network Security, Smart Computing and Information Processing, Internet of Things (IoT), Computation Intelligence and Analytics, Machine Learning (ML) and Knowledge Mining (KM), Operating System, Data Base Management System (DBMS), Data Structure and Algorithm (DSA), Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD), and all interdisciplinary streams of Soft Computing and Engineering. #Addressing, Routing, Switching and Location Management #Broadband, Mobile, Wired, Wireless Internet #Networks: Adhoc and Sensor Networks, High Speed Networks, Mobile and #Wireless Networks #Network Architectures #Network Based Applications #Network Protocols #Network Operations & Management #Network Security Trust & Privacy #Cross Layer Design and Optimization #Internet and Web Applications #Network Measurement & Performance Analysis #Next Generation Internet & Web Architectures #Peer to Peer and Overlay Networks #QOS And Resource Management #Recent Trends & Developments in Computer Networks #Self-Organizing Networks and Networked Systems #Ubiquitous Networks #Virtual & Overlay Networks #Wireless Mesh Networks and Protocols #Wireless Multimedia Systems #Personal and Wearable Networks #Information-Centric Networking #Embedded Networks #Opportunistic Networking #Delay-Tolerant Networks #Cognitive Radio Networks #Vehicular Networks #Smart Grid Communications #Underwater Sensor Networks #Cyber-Physical Systems #Social Networks #Green Networking #Overlay and Peer-To-Peer Networks #Local-Area and Metropolitan-Area Networks #Storage-Area Networks #Routing and Transport Protocols #Big Data Networking #Cloud Computing and Networking #Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization #Internet of Things #Link Technologies #Adaptive Networking Applications #Authentication, Authorization, Accounting #Security and Privacy #Cross-Layer Optimization #Multimedia and Real-Time Communication #Machine-To-Machine Communications for Smart Environments #Smart Cities #Network Traffic Characterization and Measurements #Network Management, Reliability and QoS #Performance Evaluation of Networks #Testbeds for Network Experiments #Network Coding #Optical and High-Speed Access Networks #High Performance Computing #Digital System and Logic Design #Networked-Driven Multicourse Chips #Information-Centric Networking #Opportunistic Networking #Mobile and Ubiquitous Networking #Big Data Networking #Cloud Computing and Networking #Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization #Adaptive Networking Applications #Antenna and Communications Devices #Microstrip Antenna #Microwave #Radar and Satellite #Smart Antenna #MIMO Antenna #Wireless Communication #RFID Network and Applications #5G Communication #6G Communication #Neural Networks #Fuzzy Logic #Simulated Biological Evolution Algorithms (Like Genetic Algorithm) #Ant Colony Optimization(etc) #Reasoning and Evolution #Intelligence Applications #Computer Vision and Speech Understanding #Multimedia and Cognitive Informatics #Data Mining and Machine Learning Tools #Heuristic and Ai Planning Strategies and Tools #Computational Theories of Learning #Technology and Computing (Like Particle Swarm Optimization) #Intelligent System Architectures #Knowledge Representation #Bioinformatics #Natural Language Processing #Multiagent Systems #Supervised Learning #Unsupervised Learning #Deep Learning #Big Data and Ai Approaches #Reinforcement Learning #And Learning with Generative Adversarial Networks 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Databases #Image Generation #Image Manipulation #Image Permanence #Image Processing #Image Processing Applications #Image Processing: Coding Analysis and Recognition #Image Representation #Image Sensing #Imaging Systems and Image Scanning #Implementation and Architectures #Latent Image #Materials for Electro-Photography #Monitoring and Surveillance #Network Architecture for Real-Time Video Transport #New Visual Services Over ATM/Packet Network #Non-Impact Printing Technologies #Object Modeling and Knowledge Acquisition #Photoconductors #Photographic Emulsions #Photopolymers #Prepress and Printing Technologies #Processing and Analysis #Protocols for Packet Video #Remote Image Sensing #Retrieval and Multimedia #Scene Modeling #Signal-Processing Aspects of Image Processing #Storage and Transmission #Video Coding Algorithms and Technologies for ATM/P #Ethics of Software Engineering and Management #Software Life Cycles Development Models #Project Planning and Management #Software Requirements Analysis #Software Design Analysis #Software Testing and Integration #Software Implementation and Maintenance #Software Maintenance and Maintainability #Software Metrics or Attributes #Software Risk Assessment and Containment #Reliability #Software Quality and Quality Assurance #Software Cost Estimation #Object Oriented Developments #Object Oriented Metrics #Object Oriented Testing #Formal Notations #3D Reconstruction #Computer Animation #Computational Fabrication #Computational Geometry #Computational Photography #Computer Vision for Computer Graphics #Data Compression for Graphics #Geometric Modelling #Geometric Processing #HCI and Computer Graphics #Human Modelling #Image Analysis #Image Based Rendering #Image Processing #Machine Learning for Graphics #Medical Imaging #Pattern Recognition #Physically Based Modelling #Illumination and Rendering ethods #Robotics and Vision #Saliency Methods #Scientific Visualization #Shape and Surface Modelling #Shape Analysis and Image Retrieval #Shape Matching #Sketch-based Modelling #Solid Modelling #Stylized rendering #Textures #Virtual and Augmented Reality #Visual Analytics #Volume Rendering #Data Mining #Data Science #Big Data #Data Warehouse #Visualization #Security #Privacy #Big DaaS #Scalable Computing #Cloud Computing #Knowledge Discovery #Integration #Transformation #Information Retrieval #Social Data and Semantics #Mining Functions #Data Regression #Data Classification #Anomaly Detection #Data Clustering #Data Association #Data Regression #Data Cleaning #Feature Selection and Extraction #Data Mining Algorithms #Apriori #Decision Tree #Generalized Linear Models #K-Means #Minimum Description Length #Naive Bayes #Non-Negative Matrix Factorization #0-Cluster #Support Vector Machines #Data Preparation #Mining Unstructured Data #Artificial Intelligence #Future Directions and Challenges in Data Mining #Industrial Challenges in Data Mining #Cryptographic Protocols #Cryptography and Coding #Untrace-Ability 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Image and Sound Based Authentication of User
Badgude Puja¹, Ghorpade Hemlata², Ghadge Yogita³, More Supriya⁴
¹Badgude Puja, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
²Ghorpade Hemlata, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
³Ghadge Yogita, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
⁴More Supriya, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
Manuscript received on March 03, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 28, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 91-92 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2141034114 /2014©BEIESP
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite
© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: An image and sound based authentication of a user,it means we will authenticate the users of a system by a password that they entered through a sequence of images. And also having some special sound effects associated with a password. In the previous days, Pass Point was the technique,used to give image based password.But it requires five clicks on one image.This will take more memory to store the clicks and become easy for attacker to guess. To overcome that drawback CCP technique was developed which takes a sequence of five images and one click on each image. In addition, a user has to select sound signature with respective each click on image to easily recall the password. After addition a persuasive feature to CCP, we will get PCCP,which was used to address an issue of hotspots.While creating an image based password a complete image is dimmed except viewport area.A user has to click within this viewport.This viewport area can be repositioned randomly by using shuffle button. In the proposed work, we aimed to build more interactive, user-friendly and secure email system by creating strong and difficult password to guess by attacker.
Keywords: CCP and PCCP technique, system architecture, working of proposed system.

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A2111034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 12:15:31 +0000

Online Social Networks: Privacy Challenges and Proposed Security Framework for Facebook
A. Mukesh Kumar¹, B. Nupur Sharma², Shreesh Kumar Shrivastava³¹Mukesh Kumar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MITM, Dehradun, India.
²Noopur, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MITM, Dehradun, India.
³Shreesh Kr.Shrivastava, Department of Electronics Engineering, MITM, Dehradun, India.
Manuscript received on March 03, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 129-133 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2111034114/2014©BEIESP
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite
© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Social networking sites facilitate and develops a virtual community for people to share their thoughts, interest activities or to increase their horizon of camaraderie. With the advancement in Social networking sites or we can refer it as with online social networks the user can connect to each other. With all these options available on Social Networking sites it creates a virtual world for the users. Social Networking sites go upwards because of all these reasons. In recent years indicates that for many people they are now the mainstream communication technology. Social networking sites come under few of the most frequently browsed categories websites in the world. Nevertheless Social Networking sites are also vulnerable to various problems threats and attacks such as disclosure of information, identity thefts etc. Privacy practices in social networking sites often appear convoluted as information sharing stands in discord with the need to reduce disclosure-related abuses. Facebook is one such most popular and widely used Social Networking sites which has its own robust set of Privacy policies. Yet they are also prone to various privacy issues and attacks. In this work we examine the currently existing privacy policies of Facebook since 2013 and then provide with certain new policies that enhance and strengthen the existing ones. We conclude with a discussion of how these educts may be integrated into the design of Facebook like Social Networking sites systems to facilitate interaction while enhancing the individual privacy.
Keywords: Social networking sites (SNS’s), Cyber Stalking, Cyber Bullying.

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A2159034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 12:00:28 +0000

Authentication Mechanism for Smart Grid Network
Priti V. Jasud¹, Manish D. Katkar², S. D. Kamble³¹Priti V. Jasud Mtech Scholar, Department of computer science and engineering, G.H.Raisoni Institute of Engineering and technology for Womens Nagpur, India
²Professor Manish D. Katkar Asst. Professor Department of computer science and engineering, G.H.Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Technology for Womens Nagpur, India.
³Professor S. D. Kamble Asst. Professor Department of computer science and engineering, Yashvantrao Chavhan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India.
Manuscript received on March 02, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 212-215 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2159034114/2014©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The Smart Grid is formed by many sub-networks such as the Home Area Network (HAN), service providers, transmission, distribution, and bulk generation, operations and market which are at risk and can be attacked remotely. Smart grids that is supports data aggregation and access control. Data can be aggregated by home area network (HAN), building area network (BAN), and neighboring area network (NAN) in such a way that the privacy of customers is protected. Smart grid designing a mutual authentication scheme and a key management protocol. This paper proposes an efficient scheme that mutually authenticates a smart grid and an authentication server in SG by decreasing the number of steps in the secure remote password protocol. In this paper we propose an efficient key management protocol based on our enhanced identity-based cryptography for secure SG communications using the public key infrastructure. The improved efficiency for key management is realized by periodically refreshing all public/ private key pairs as well as any multicast keys in all the nodes using only one newly generated function broadcasted by the key generator entity. We show that the proposed mechanisms are resilient against insider attackers performing serious attacks such as man-in-the-middle or impersonation during device authentication. Further, the proposed authentication mechanisms are intuitive and require no (or minimum) user effort.
Keywords: Enhanced identity-based, key management, cryptography (EIBC), smart grid (SG) mutual authentication, and secure remote password (SRP).

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A2163034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:56:13 +0000

Comparative Study of Delay and Power Dissipation of a Low Power CMOS BPSK Modulator Circuit
Sayani Palit¹, Madhumita Mukherjee²¹Sayani Palit, Electronics and Communication Engineering-VLSI, Heritage Institute Of Technology, Kolkata, India.
²Madhumita Mukherjee, Electronics and Communication Engineering ,VLSI, Heritage Institute Of Technology, Kolkata, India.
Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 03, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 208-211 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2163034114/2014©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: In this paper we have presented a BPSK modulator using low power CMOS technology. The key design issues in VLSI circuit design are power and delay. Thus in this paper we have focused on LP CMOS with different technologies(16nm, 22nm ,32nm,and 45nm) with the help of TANNER EDA Tool. The value of model parameters are used from Predictive Technology Model(PTM). The T-SPICE simulation results indicate that there is a 59% deduction in Dynamic power For 16nm technology compare to 45nm technology keeping supply voltage constant whereas there is 74.64% reduction in power delay product in 16nm technology compare to 45nm technology.
Keywords: BPSK, LP CMOS, Power dissipation, PTM.

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A2162034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:52:16 +0000

Extracting Semantic Structure of Web Pages Using Graph Grammar Induction Algorithm
B.Venkatesh¹, P.Prakash²¹B.Venkatesh, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, K.S.R.College of Engineering, Thiruchengode, India.
²P.Prakash, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Thiruchengode, India.
Manuscript received on March 01, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 203-207 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2162034114/2014©BEIESP
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite
© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: With the appearance of the web, it’s fascinating to interpret and extract helpful data from the net. One major challenge in internet interface interpretation is to get the semantic structure underlying an internet interface. Several heuristic approaches have been developed to get and cluster semantically related interface objects. However, those approaches cannot solve the problem of non similarity satisfactorily and don’t seem to be ready to tag the participant role of every object. Distinct from existing approaches, this paper develops a sturdy and formal approach to ill interface semantics mistreatment graph grammars induction. Due to the distinct capability of spatial specifications within the abstract syntax, the spatial graph grammar induction algorithm (SGGI) is chosen to perform the semantic grouping and interpretation of divided screen objects. Instead of analyzing HTML supply codes, we tend to apply an economical image processing technology to acknowledge atomic interface objects from the screenshot of an interface and manufacture a spatial graph, which records vital spatial relations among recognized objects. A spatial graph is a lot of taciturn than its corresponding document object model structure and, thus, facilitates interface analysis and interpretation. Supported the spatial graph, the SGGI parser recovers the graded relations among interface objects.
Keywords: Content extraction, Image Segmentation, Graph Grammar Induction Algorithm, Spatial Parsing.

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A2161034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:48:24 +0000

Study of Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Network Protocols
S.Y.AmdaniDr. S.Y.Amdani, Associate Professor & Head Babasaheb Naik College of Engg, Pusad (Computer Science & Engineering, Babasaheb Naik College of Engg. Pusad, Amravati University, India.
Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 200-202 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2161034114/2014©BEIESP
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite
© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks are networks of large number of tiny, battery powered sensor nodes having limited onboard storage, processing, and radio capabilities. Nodes sense and send their reports toward a processing center which is called sink or base station. Since this transmission and reception process consumes lots of energy as compare to data processing, Designing protocols and applications for such networks has to be energy aware in order to prolong the lifetime of the network. Generally, real life applications deal with Heterogeneity rather than Homogeneity. In this paper, a protocol is proposed, which is heterogeneous in energy. We first completely analyze the basic distributed clustering routing protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), and SPIN focused on energy consumption.
Keywords: Security Protocols, Network Security, Energy efficient, Authentication, Wireless Sensor Networks.

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A2160034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:45:15 +0000

A QoE-Based Scheduling Algorithm for UGS Service Class in WiMAX Network
Tarik Anouari¹, Abdelkrim Haqiq²¹Tarik Anouari, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory/ Department of Mathematics and Computer/ FST, Hassan 1st University, Settat, Morocco/ E-NGN Research group, Africa and Middle East.
²Abdelkrim Haqiq, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory/ Department of Mathematics and Computer/ FST, Hassan 1st University, Settat, Morocco/ E-NGN Research group, Africa and Middle East.
Manuscript received on March 031, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 05, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 195-199 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2160034114/2014©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: To satisfy the increasing demand for multimedia services in broadband Internet networks, the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acces) technology has emerged as an alternative to the wired broadband access solutions. It provides an Internet connection to broadband coverage area of several kilometers in radius by ensuring a satisfactory quality of service (QoS), it’s an adequate response to some rural or inaccessible areas. Unlike DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or other wired technology, WiMAX uses radio waves and can provide point-to-multipoint (PMP) and point-to-point (P2P) modes. In parallel, it’s observed that in the opposite of the traditional quality evaluation approaches, nowadays, current researches focus on the user perceived quality, the existing scheduling algorithms take into account the QoS and many other parameters, but not the Quality of Experience (QoE). In this paper, we present a QoE-based scheduling solution in WiMAX network in order to make the scheduling of the UGS connections based on the use of QoE metrics. Indeed, the proposed solution allows controlling the packet transmission rate so as to match with the minimum subjective rate requirements of each user. Simulation results show that by applying various levels of mean opinion score (MOS) the QoE provided to the users is improved in term of throughput, jitter, packet loss rate and delay.
Keywords: WiMAX, QoE, QoS, UGS, NS-2.

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A2151034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:41:55 +0000

Cloud Computing: Analyzing Security Issues & Need of Prevention against Vulnerabilities
Laxmi Shankar Awasthi¹, Himanshu Pathak², Parth Singhal³¹Dr. Laxmi Shankar Awasthi, Computer Science, Lucknow Public College of Professional Studies, Lucknow, India.
²Himanshu Pathak, AIIT, Amity University, Lucknow, India.
³Parth Singhal, St. Francis College, Lucknow, India.
Manuscript received on March 02, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 193-194 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2151034114 /2014©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Cloud computing, is fast growing Technology having its originations from Distributed computing technology. Cloud computing is a collaboration of different computing technologies and it has many advantages in the field of data storage, high expansibility, high reliability, virtualization, and low price service. Cloud computing has massive effects how we store and access our personal and business data. It is a matter of great concern to secure personal information and data from attacks like DDos, MIMA and data theft. And therefore it is extremely important to understand the existing security issues and risks in cloud computing. This paper analyses the above mentioned existing security issues and protection against threats in cloud computing. This paper is to quantify the need of security between networks in cloud computing, therefore minimizes the vulnerabilities.
Keywords: DDos, man in the middle attack, packet sniffing.

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A2141034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:37:28 +0000

Image and Sound Based Authentication of User
Badgude Puja¹, Ghorpade Hemlata², Ghadge Yogita³, More Supriya⁴¹Badgude Puja, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
²Ghorpade Hemlata, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
³Ghadge Yogita, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India
⁴More Supriya, Student of COMP/IT (Dept.) S.P.C.O.E.,Otur, India.
Manuscript received on March 02, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 03, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 191-192 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2063034114/2014©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: An image and sound based authentication of a user,it means we will authenticate the users of a system by a password that they entered through a sequence of images. And also having some special sound effects associated with a password. In the previous days, Pass Point was the technique,used to give image based password.But it requires five clicks on one image.This will take more memory to store the clicks and become easy for attacker to guess. To overcome that drawback CCP technique was developed which takes a sequence of five images and one click on each image. In addition, a user has to select sound signature with respective each click on image to easily recall the password. After addition a persuasive feature to CCP, we will get PCCP,which was used to address an issue of hotspots.While creating an image based password a complete image is dimmed except viewport area.A user has to click within this viewport.This viewport area can be repositioned randomly by using shuffle button. In the proposed work, we aimed to build more interactive, userfriendly and secure email system by creating strong and difficult password to guess by attacker.
Keywords: CCP and PCCP technique, system architecture, working of proposed system.

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A2133034114

IJSCE Journal — Wed, 13 Oct 2021 11:33:27 +0000

Dimensioning Tracking Area for LTE Network
Rahul Sharma¹, Rahul Atri², Preet Kanwar Singh Rekhi³, Sukhvinder Singh Malik⁴, Mandeep Singh Arora⁵¹Rahul Sharma B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from GGSIPU.
²Rahul Atri B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering in 2010 with Honours. Having about 4 years of experience in LTE development industry in different fields i.e. Protocol testing.
³Preet Kanwar Singh Rekhi B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from GGSIPU.
⁴Sukhvinder Singh Malik B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from MDU Rohtak.
⁵Mandeep Singh Arora B.Tech in Electronics and Communication.
Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Revised Manuscript received on March 04, 2014. | Manuscript published on March 05, 2014. | PP: 185-190 | Volume-4 Issue-1, March 2014. | Retrieval Number: A2133034114/2014©BEIESP
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite
© The Authors. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Mobility management (MM) is one of the main functions in mobile networks. It aims to track the user equipment (UEs) and to allow calls, other mobile phone services to be delivered to UEs. For any mobility protocol there are two separate problems to be solved. One is location management (or sometimes called reachability), which keeps track of the positions of a UE in the mobile network. The other one is handover management (or sometimes called session continuity), which makes it possible for a UE to continue its sessions while moving to another cell and changing its access point. This document focuses on the location management problems. Tracing UEs in a mobile network is the key task in location management. Tracking Area (TA) in LTE is a logical grouping of cells in a network. TA is almost the same concept as the Location Area (LA). In configuring TAs, a key consideration is to minimize the total amount of signaling overhead.
Keywords: LTE, Tracking Area, Paging Capacity TA list.

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